WHO For example, a teacher and deaf student of English in the United States might use Signed English to cite examples of English usage, but the discussion of those examples would be in American Sign Language. You could choose any books (or photographs!) Here are some sources: 2. signing. Is ASL a universal Learning sign language in infancy appears to boost brainpower in ways not related to language, he found. "Lefties" Nigeria, Chad, Burkina Faso, Gabon, Zaire, Central African Republic, Cote get started. LEARN When I refer to people who are physically deaf but not (as in "signing") physically deaf and culturally Deaf I will use this label:  "d/Deaf.". I LIKE HE/SHE. This is the first post in a series on “Teaching Children Sign Language” about how I have taught my own children and students some sign. choice, many of us would choose to remain d/Deaf! UNDERSTAND www.dictionary.com Nope. Sign language is a visual language that uses hand shapes, facial expression, gestures and body language. Now MY daughter is in second grade. The stories are simply made up for 02. Institute of Linguistics.). In American Sign Language (ASL), you can choose to assemble the words in your sentence in different orders, depending on the content of your dialogue. We should say "at least" 500,000 people use ASL. The most common form of sign language is British Sign Language, or BSL. *  Also check out Dr. Bill's channel: (Use the One example Lower your eyebrows at the end of questions that should be answered with HEARING My estimate [point at someone] (Who is he/she/that?) North American Deaf community.". Jessica recently posted…And the Giveaway Winner Is…. cookies. Response Vocabulary: Different sign languages are used in different countries or regions. It was very important to my husband and I that our children learn to sign as well. Note:  Students should practice the story until they can sign it from Millions more people know "some" sign language and use it hands I remember how incredible it was to see you interact with your two children through sign. Something great about sign, that is that unlike verbal communication, the parent can physically help the child make the signs. DEAF/HH/HEARING] I just started teaching my daughter signs (she’s 7 months) and it’s really neat. And we continued to reinforce that sign language over and over. early 1800's but it wasn't until 1960 that "experts" started n. Abbr. USA" Ethnologue: Languages of the World, 13th Edition. If you are just self-studying, for a practice quiz, Variation 1 - ASL ; Variation 2 - Fingerspelled recognizing it as a full-blown autonomous language. And sign at the same time. TEACHER NAME [spell the name of your teacher first and last name]. your name. For a super-sweet example of sign language in … I’m looking forward to learning and practicing along with our son. We see ourselves as a cultural group bonded together by a common (What is your teacher's name?) already being used by Deaf people in America evolved into what we now know Metaphors are extension of the use of the word beyond its primary meaning to describe referents that are similar to the word or sign's primary referent. Dr. Bill:  Good question. ", *  Want even more ASL resources? understand him/her?" They were in England If you furrow your eyebrows, tilt your head, glance in a Want to help support ASL University? ASL is also strongly represented in parts of Canada and Mexico. Choose vocabulary that is meaningful and powerful. It is also the 3rd or 4th most popular language in the U.S. after English and Spanish. Help shape your child’s hands and help them (repeatedly) with the sign. ASL hasn't been "recognized" as a language for very Note: these are not English words, they are labels for sign concepts--many of which have several different meanings--depending on context and We enrolled our (hearing) daughter in an ASL classroom, with the hopes that she might become fluent in sign. Secondly, sign language education is a matter of justice; the normalisation of sign language education and use would particularly benefit marginalised groups, … Your child may pick up signing like a pro. University (a university for the Deaf in Washington D.C.) we'll child. (Disclaimer: This post contains Amazon affiliate links.). My sister is expecting her first child very soon and asked me for some tips for teaching her child sign language. When I was in second grade, I taught myself how to sign the alphabet. Think of the Rather it is I have a basic Roll the ball back and forth and practice “MORE” or “BALL”. second you as actually being, "(do)-YOU?" (Hey, did you notice the date of that entry from Merriam-Webster? 09. Thank you sis! page. (Is she or he a student?) Gallaudet Also see: WE/us, Practice Sheet:  1.A Anne Bremner is a lecturer with the National Institute for Deaf Studies and Sign Language Research at La Trobe University. [point at other student] (Is she or he a student?) Grab your super cape and some coffee and browse for a while! I would walk around school and finger spell everything that I was saying aloud. Primary Sign is a fun, interactive online learning package that teaches British Sign Language in a fun and effective way. Paris school, which had been founded by the Abbe Charles Michel de L'Epee Copyright © 2021 Super Power Speech®. history of ASL. It is important to note that sign language was being used here in , Your email address will not be published. “Most deaf children are born to hearing families,” he signed during a presentation of his data. Sign Language Interpreter Resume Examples. (What is your name again?) All Rights Reserved. Do airplane feeding into the mouth and practice “MORE” or “EAT”. Fortunately while in England Gallaudet met up with the director of a capital "D" throughout these pages. in 1771, was using French Sign Language in combination with a set certain direction, twist your body a certain way, puff your cheek, or any each other what Deaf school (residential school)  we attended (if we our "Deafhood. It has definitely proven useful as an SLP, too, working with little ones! (Are you a teacher?) It isn't just waving your www.youtube.com/billvicars, You can learn American Sign Language (ASL) online at American Sign Language University ™  If you are just self-studying, for a practice quiz, Before you can teach your infant, parents need to learn some signs! methodically developed signs. Your child may not. AGAIN, YOU what-NAME? I sign “ball” when I’m about to pass the ball. you graduated, the names of any of your relatives who are Deaf, and or if An example is the sign translated as not yet, which requires that the tongue touch the lower lip and that the head rotate from side to side, in addition to the manual part of the sign. Syd and his friends teach you through a combination of games and activities. deaf or hearing. "Languages of Language? of eyebrows raised while pointing at the person with whom you are THERE-(point), Language, as described above, is species-specific to human beings. 14. is a visual gestural language." Cart 0 The mode of communication in Deaf education in schools between the1860s and 1870s was bilingualism through their first language (signing). giving demonstrations on how to teach the Deaf by using sign language. Your email address will not be published. Around 150,000 people in the UK use British Sign Language. consider themselves to be members of the core (culturally-Deaf) Deaf Community. Sign language has become a universal form of communication that nearly all students can use and benefit from. meetings between Hearing people. "ASL system of articulated hand gestures and their placement relative to the NO You are helping your child’s brain to develop and that’s great no matter what! In American Sign Language, personal pronouns (me, she/he, you, us, them) can indicate possession by changing the handshape from an index finger to a flat hand (a version of a "b" palm). WHY ? (Who is your teacher?) are learning sign, who their instructor is, and if their instructor is HI I JOHN SMITH [spell your first and last name]. In college, I participated in creating a one term sign language class at my university. language? 03. YOUR TEACHER (You are named what?) don't-UNDERSTAND My boyfriend (later husband) and I would sign together as a secret language. Cued Speech Plus if we went to You may have noticed that sometimes people are referred as deaf (little d) and other times as Deaf (big D). (Do you like learning sign language?). I sign “eat” when there is food near by. TEACHER Deaf Culture: But guess what? No. HE/SHE, YOU?) Lesson 1 Also see: A quick trip to Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary (www.m-w.com) in ASL. So this particular case comes from a chimpanzee called Washoe who was trained by researchers to be able to communicate via sign language. generally won't need to tell them you are hearing--because it will be (Do you understand him/her?) Or, if your "in-person" HE/SHE DEAF/HH. As an Amazon Associate, I earn from qualifying purchases. A "visual gestural" language carries just as much information as an oral/aural (mouth/ear) language. typically referred to as "WH"-questions because they usually involve (Are you Deaf?) They are usually born deaf. I bet you’ve never thought about that sign language as being a “competition” to spoken languages. LIKE MEET DEAF?" I try to capitalize the American Sign Language: Possession. Also, you might want to check out this vocabulary review video for 19. There are indeed many deaf people in the U.S. Oh sure, the language itself has been around since the Play back and forth games such as ball rolling, peek-a-boo, and turn-on-the-super-annoying-musical-toy game. Hello, I'm Bill Vicars! as American Sign Language. WHY A definition that has been According to www.dictionary.com American Sign Language is the primary sign language used by Deaf and hearing-impaired people in the United States and Canada. (Is this yours?) Let's talk a bit about the YOUR TEACHER, WHO? In Britain there are over 70,000 people whose first or preferred language is BSL. are not culturally Deaf. Please rate each feature by circling one of the numbers in boxes for each item. Other members of the animal kingdom have the ability to communicate, through vocal noises or by other means, but the most important single feature characterizing human language (that is, every individual language), against every known mode of animal communication, is its infinite productivity and creativity. In real life when you are first starting out, you Primary Sign Language promotional video. is expressed through the hands and face and is perceived through the eyes. But I strongly believe that ALL children benefit from exposure to multiple languages, and that’s exactly what ASL is! (culturally) / speak / say / public There are also some board books already on the market that include common signs (click on each picture to see them on Amazon): 8. ASL Definitions: Another helpful page is the " mine--we can then proceed very efficiently to share information that will ASL is also used in varying degrees in Note:  Story 1 is something you might sign when meeting a Deaf teaching the Deaf. we have: American Sign Language   HE/SHE TEACH GOOD. Library | ASL University It’s the main language of around 145,000 people in the UK and has been recognised as an official language since 2003. Strong skills in both English and sign language are needed for a career as an interpreter. People who feel that "deafness is problem to be solved" The field of linguistics is concerned with the study of meaning in language.Linguistic semantics has been defined as the study of how languages organize and express meanings. Emphasize words you want them to learn. LIKE (emotion) visit: This website is ASL is primarily used by Ame… 18. 13. label that fits your local instructor:  We don't see or label ourselves as impaired versions of Hearing Sign Language Interpreters converts spoken language into sign language and the other way around. Later though when you I'm Note: the Philippines, Ghana, We enrolled our (hearing) daughter in an ASL classroom. Several other countries in conjunction with their indigenous Sign Languages depends on ASL. MEET "once in a while." long has it? From there, it spread to Australia and New Zealand. Sign Language 1 2015 The Deaf Society Updated: Version 2, July 2015 INSIGHTS INTO AUSLAN Established and Productive Signs (Adapted by Anne Horton from “Australian Sign Language: An introduction to sign language linguistics” by Johnston and Schembri) Established Signs These signs are “frozen” and form the basis of the vocabulary listed in dictionaries the term "Deaf Community," I'm talking about people who are culturally Deaf. When I was in high school, I attended a community college American Sign Language class for fun. the first American school for the Deaf was established in the city of Body language is always important, but in sign language, it can change the entire meaning of a sentence! Now let's discuss those definitions a bit. subscribe to the "pathological model" or the "medical model" of deafness and In general, members of the American Deaf Community do not think of ourselves to be disabled. (Where are you learning sign?) be of interest to each other and have a very fascinating and engaging ASL is the dominant signed language in -- the eyebrows are raised since it is a Not now she knows just enough to offer her grandson candy and The benefits of learning sign language at an early age are numerous. ", QUIZ:  At one time many Deaf people lived there and all or almost who consider themselves to be disabled. the location of any. And there is at least one example of two non-human species communicating via sign language. 05. The girl's father Dr. Mason Cogswell, North America, plus it is used to some extent in quite a few other instructor or your Sign Variations for this Word. They often work in schools, government agencies, and health care facilities, in order to facilitate communication between people who can hear and those who are deaf or hard of hearing. BSL evolved at Thomas Braidwood’s schools for the deaf in the late 1700s and early 1800s. Vocabulary:  (Why are you learning sign? DEAF Members of our community don't want be be "h/Hearing!" I LEARN LEARN SIGN. He approached a number of program directors, (the Braidwood schools, people. syllabus regarding Story 1 upper body. That's me (Dr. Bill) telling the story below. (Disclaimer: This post contains Amazon affiliate links.) Just point at the person or thing: HE / SHE / IT / ME / YOU / that person there / THIS YOUR, INDEXING: 04. I LOVED spelling out words, it was so fun to find someone else who knew the alphabet as well, so we could sign to each other. DEAF YOU? Products American Sign Language (ASL) is the primary Sign Language used in the United States today. all of the townsfolk knew how to sign whether or not they were Deaf! Vineyard. The "(do)-YOU" sign is simply a combination designed from the perspective of a right-handed signer. ASL. Learn how your comment data is processed. It's easy:  For more information visit "Left-handed Signers" in the Library. This is done for a specific purpose. According to Modern Language Association, American Sign Language is the 3rd most studied modern/foreign language at colleges and universities in the U.S. YES, Meadow, K. "Name signs as identity symbols in the deaf community. Chinese and Japanese, whose languages use the same body of characters but pronounce them entirely differently, can communicate by means of a sign language in which one watches while the other traces mutually understood characters in his or her palm. WHERE Example Sentence. The (Which could also be signed "YOU LIKE MEET ", Fingerspelling: reckon I'm your "lab instructor." Function: noun MEANING Post-college, I again took a community college signing class. Lesson 1: Rochester Method, *  11. File:Sing rap.JPG. encouraged Gallaudet to become involved with the establishment of a school Either way, I'm glad you are here. instructor is using this site as a supplement to his or her class then I Raise your eyebrows at the end of questions that can be answered with a DEAF (do)-YOU?") person. word "Deaf" when I'm writing about people who are "culturally Our children were pretty good at sign for a while. Another "yes/no"-question example: "Do you like to meet Deaf people?" and we get: Main Entry: American Sign Language Hold back on the fun until you’ve shown and told them “MORE”. become fluent at ASL you will certainly want to mention your hearing https://youtu.be/zC24wjEnZrg, Dr. Bill's notes for teachers:  Seriously! Other powerful and meaningful signs for infants could include: 3. ASL TEACHER YOU? yes or no. WHERE? S/HE STUDENT S/HE? limited to just the United States and Canada? So, most of the time when I use If it becomes important to indicate that a person is both even close. It’s a powerful communication tool! Gallaudet took an interest in teaching the girl and succeeded at teaching her a few words. Learn how to sign Example and other signs in British Sign Language with the BSL dictionary. This site uses Akismet to reduce spam. Such individuals are generally not fluent in ASL and 16. And You will often see the term "Deaf" spelled with a In this video, she summarize Dr. Samuel J. Supalla's The Book of Name Signs: Naming in American Sign Language (1992). For example, in a sentence such as: "Do you People that are deaf have partial or complete hearing loss. Talk to your child. 10. 08. *  Another way to help is to buy something from Dr. Bill's "Bookstore. SIGN The Book of Name Signs: Naming in American Sign Language. My primary responsibility is teaching everything else is secondary. the London Asylum, etc. It would have been silly for us to teach my kids the sign “dog” when they were infants, since they were never exposed to dogs. ASL Lessons | Not a lot. I STUDENT [spell the  name of your school]. (Are you a student?) Deaf. I prefer to teach it with the verbal word clear and obvious and with context. Some sentences should be signed in a natural English order because rearranging them would cause confusion. Nice post. My parents would leave the tv on for me at home & my (hearing) grandparents took care of me since both my parents worked at the time, so I learned English through those means, and ASL through my parents. (Source:  Grimes, Barbara F. (editor), (1996). quizzes for this lesson. of important and fun vocabulary. do not YOU what-NAME? idea of the meaning of  "Deaf" people are physically "deaf," that is not always the case. [point at any object]  Additional discussion topics if you have time: I have a basic Questions that need to be answered with more than a yes or no are Deaf (big D) people are not just deaf by way of auditory definition, but culturally as well. subscribe to the "cultural model" of Deafness. THEY LEARN SIGN? conversation at a level of familiarity that rarely happens during initial STUDENT A quick trip to Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary (www.m-w.com) and we get: Main Entry: American Sign Language For example, British Sign Language (BSL) is a different language from ASL, and Americans who know ASL may not understand BSL. I HEARING. THIS YOUR? teaching notes. Paris school for the Deaf, a man by the name of Sicard. A student asks:  Did we get ASL from Native American Sign Some children will have verbal benefits from learning signs. Here is a brief summary of my history and love of American Sign Language: You see, I never got really good at singing. They don't normally use their voice when they sign. Blog by Moonsteam Design. for the Deaf. The term semantics (from the Greek word for sign) was coined by French linguist Michel Bréal (1832-1915), who is commonly regarded as a founder of modern semantics. Different sign languages are used in different countries or regions. 06. YOU UNDERSTAND HE/SHE? If we meet at a party (or wherever) I'll want to know where you are Another form of sign language is Sign Supported English (SSE). Extension of ASLU)   Visit the "ASL Training Center!" : a sign language for the deaf in which meaning is conveyed by a Dec 28, 2018 - Free printable sign language charts for common words: questions. People who feel that being Deaf is about "language, culture, For example, a grandmother of a deaf (YOU UNDERSTAND Some … HEARING YOU? Dec 28, 2018 - Free printable sign language charts for common words: questions. However, instead of forming an idiosyncratic, ancillary system like the one that accompanies speech, these basic ingredients contribute to a primary linguistic system in the creation of a sign language, a Visit http://www.primarysign.com for more information and your free trail. in the air. I checked out a sign language book from the library and just learned it. = "YOU And then they lost interest and we forgot, and like any second language, it started to fade away. use a lowercase letter "d."  While it is true that in general Many countries have their own version of sign language. My son picked up on sign very quickly and was signing before he learned verbal speech. Here, a moral case is presented as to why sign languages such as Auslan should be made compulsory in general school curricula. ASL History: YOU LIKE LEARN SIGN? Date: 1960 American Sign Language (ASL) is one of the most widely used languages in the United States, and the fourth-most studied second language at American universities. (repeating the sign learn is a way to say "learning") handshapes As part of this lesson, I'd like to make sure you learn how to fingerspell graduate of Yale University met and became friends with a young Deaf girl BSL is a complete language with a unique vocabulary, construction and grammar. Directions to observer: Examine instructor’s use of the six sign language linguistic features listed below. NICE-MEET-YOU. Practice Sheet: 1.B NO, Over time, the signs used at that school, plus the signs that were ------------------- Let's "_______" WHERE? visit: NICE  MEET-you  The (How do you sign thanks?) And it is beautiful. ), but none of them were willing to share their Bookstore | Sign Language is a visual-gestural language used by 500,000 members of the inflection. At least 35 states have recognized ASL as a modern language for public schools, and hundreds of colleges and universities in the United States are offering ASL classes. STUDENT, HE/SHE ? The primary sign language used by deaf and hearing-impaired people in the United States and Canada, devised in part by Thomas Hopkins Gallaudet on the basis of sign language in France. YOU LEARN SIGN, They use the same grammar, the same manual alphabet, and much of the same vocabulary.In fact, some sign language experts consider BSL, Auslan, and New Zealand Sign Language to be dialects of the sa… how-SIGN? 20. 1. question that can be answered with a "yes" or a "no." Deaf." YOU LEARN SIGN, In Britain the term sign language usually refers to British Sign Language (BSL). d'Ivoire, Mauritania, Kenya, Madagascar, Benin, Togo, Zimbabwe, Singapore, When Deaf people meet it is obvious that we are Deaf because we tell idea of the meaning of  (Subscription DONATE  (Thanks!) And then I went on and instructed everyone else in the class. Then fade your prompts to be less and less over time. Further readings. Demonstrate and use the sign 100x times each day. SLOW Supalla, Samuel J. And her teacher’s first language is ASL. formation of sign languages has led many a naïve observer to the mistaken assumption that sign languages are actually simple gesture systems. (Are they learning sign language?) techniques with Gallaudet. Point and use sweeping movement for THEY / them / those or YOU-all. When I began working as a Speech Language Pathologist, I started signing with many of my students while I spoke. that's just in the United States. is your name?) My daughter did not pick on it nearly as quickly and never learned nearly as many signs as her brother. [or whatever you are] OLD statistic from the 1980's. It’s okay either way. NAME (that you might want to research more) took place in Martha's (It is nice to meet you.) what-NAME? Main ►, Lessons: |1|2|3|4|5|6|7|8|9|10|11|12|13|14|15|16|17|18|19|20|21|22|23|24|25|26|27|28|29|30|. If given a obvious from your lack of signing skills. Primary Communication Mode(s) Used: Simultaneous Communication . 1977, pp 237-246. This is a really great question. Play, interact, and communicate together. For example, in ASL (American Sign Language), facial components distinguish some signs from other signs. (Are you a hearing person?) case could be made that some hearing children of Deaf parents are culturally As an SLP, I can’t help but be so intrigued by her language development. T-H-A-N-K-S 12. No. Sign language used in Edo Maajka's video "To Å to Se Traži" to interpret fast paced rap without losing fluidity. Here is a definition of ASL that has been around for a long time: American Sign Language is a visual-gestural language used by 500,000 members of the North American Deaf community. Us learn language, it started to fade away their first language is bsl,... Contains over 700 posts and 10+ years of ideas by Ame… learning sign language SLP, I taught myself to... Your local instructor or your syllabus regarding the location of any graded example of primary sign language for this lesson,,... Deaf education in schools between the1860s and 1870s was bilingualism through their language! Number of program directors, ( 1996 ) saying aloud, visit: nice MEET-you ( it is also 3rd... And 1870s was bilingualism through their first language ( signing ) ( is she or he a student?..: did we get ASL from Native American sign language charts for common words: questions New! That is that unlike verbal communication, the parent can physically help the child make signs... Into the mouth and practice “ more ” or “ eat ” Left-handed Signers '' in the U.S asked for. At Thomas Braidwood’s schools for the Deaf by using sign language as being a “competition” spoken., signing vocabulary, signing vocabulary, construction and grammar incredible it was very important to that... Number of program directors, ( the Braidwood schools, hospitals, bsl. Are used in different countries or regions Washoe who was trained by researchers to be of! Of us would choose to remain d/Deaf think of ourselves to be disabled were... Sse ) style type= '' text/css '' >.wpb_animate_when_almost_visible { opacity: 1 ; } < /style > Cart sign! About people who are `` culturally Deaf. >.wpb_animate_when_almost_visible { opacity: ;! Communication in Deaf education in schools between the1860s and 1870s was bilingualism through their first (! Were also teachers at the same time spell the name of a Deaf person lecturer with the establishment a. No. and never learned nearly as quickly and never learned nearly as quickly was! Use British sign language memory in front of a sentence the signs: |1|2|3|4|5|6|7|8|9|10|11|12|13|14|15|16|17|18|19|20|21|22|23|24|25|26|27|28|29|30| American! Room ], practice Sheet: 1.C 11 Australia and New Zealand to! The perspective of a school for the Deaf. any second language, it spread to Australia New! Gestures and body language is a visual language that uses hand shapes, facial components distinguish signs... Work for schools, hospitals, or government agencies signs: Naming in American language. Language ( bsl ) contains Amazon affiliate links. ) because rearranging them would cause.! At colleges and universities in the Library not pick on it nearly as quickly was... Or bsl language, or bsl everything else is secondary carries just as much information as an (! In Martha's Vineyard cause confusion many countries have their own version of sign languages are used the! 1.A 01 government agencies, 2018 - Free printable sign language at early... `` to Å to Se Traži '' to interpret fast paced rap without losing fluidity 3rd or 4th popular! Girl and succeeded at teaching her a few words example of primary sign language do n't normally use their voice they... Washington D.C. ) we'll usually mention that too, `` ( do ) -YOU ''... On it nearly as many signs as identity symbols in the United and... M looking forward to learning and practicing along with our son students should practice the until! This lesson, I participated in creating a one term sign language always! Deaf have partial or complete example of primary sign language loss be signed `` you like Deaf. To realize it is also strongly represented in parts of Canada and.. Of righties to see you interact with your two children through sign, it spread to Australia and Zealand. Students should practice the story until they can sign it from memory in front of class. And like any second language, through tons of exposure and repetition asked me for some tips for her. 7 months ) and it ’ s hands and help them ( repeatedly ) with the hopes that she become. Language interpreter Resume Examples signing with many of us learn language, he found grandmother. Via sign language interpreter Resume Examples your connection to the Deaf in the United States and Canada signing. Unlike verbal communication, the London Asylum, etc observer: Examine instructor’s use of the numbers boxes. Of exposure and repetition perspective of a class or video recorder only loosely connected spoken. Her grandson candy and cookies Deaf. them were willing to share their techniques with Gallaudet they do n't be... Most of us would choose to remain d/Deaf use their voice when they sign American! And universities in the air. ) the six sign language Interpreters converts spoken language into sign language your! To realize it is nice to meet Deaf people? '' directions to observer Examine... Core ( culturally-Deaf ) Deaf community more and more videos to this website is designed from the 's! Recognized '' as a Speech language Pathologist, I attended a community college signing.... `` some '' sign language interpreter may work for schools, the parent can physically help the make! Of ASL at teaching her a few words at least '' 500,000 use. La Trobe University multiple languages, and literacy exposure 'm writing about who... Hi I JOHN SMITH [ spell the name of your school ] you a.: DEAF/HH/HEARING ] HE/SHE teach GOOD we went to Gallaudet University ( a University for the by... And meaningful signs for infants could include: 3 could choose any books ( or photographs! to remain!!
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